How To Grow And Care For Zoysia Grass

Zoysia grass, known botanically as Zoysia spp., belongs to the Poaceae family and is native to Asia, with various cultivars adapted globally. This warm-season perennial grass forms dense, fine-textured turfs ideal for lawns and golf courses. Mature sizes vary by cultivar but typically range from 6 inches to 12 inches in height.

The grass is prized for its drought tolerance, heat resistance, and ability to withstand heavy foot traffic. Once fully grown, Zoysia develops narrow, sharply pointed blades that transition from light to emerald green, shifting to a straw-like brown color during winter months.

• Botanical Name: Zoysia spp.
• Common Name: Zoysia grass
• Family: Poaceae
• Plant Type: Perennial turf grass
• Hardiness Zones: 5-10 (USDA)

Choosing the right zoysia variety depends on factors such as climate, intended use, and maintenance preferences. Here are four common zoysia varieties:

• Zoysia japonica: This variety is known for its dense growth and ability to tolerate shade better than other types of zoysia. It has a medium texture and is often used in lawns and recreational areas.
• Zoysia matrella: Often referred to as Manila grass, this variety is finer in texture compared to Zoysia japonica. It is well-suited for golf course fairways and tees due to its high tolerance for close mowing and its ability to recover quickly from wear.
• Zoysia tenuifolia: Also known as Korean velvet grass or Mascarene grass, this variety is characterized by its extremely fine texture and a unique appearance resembling moss. It is often used as a ground cover or in ornamental applications.

• Zoysia hybrid cultivars (e.g., Zoysia 'Emerald', Zoysia 'Zeon'): These are hybrid varieties bred for specific traits such as improved color, disease resistance, or drought tolerance. They combine characteristics from different zoysia species to enhance performance in various environments.

When selecting a zoysia variety, consider factors like local climate conditions, desired maintenance level, and the specific use (e.g., residential lawn, sports field, golf course) to ensure the best match for your needs.

Planting Zoysia grass can be achieved through sodding, plugging, or seeding, each method offering unique advantages and considerations.

Sod

Sodding is the process of transplanting pre-grown sections of zoysia grass, usually in rolls or mats, directly onto prepared soil. This method offers an instant lawn with mature grass that quickly minimizes soil erosion.

While sodding provides quick results and ensures a consistent appearance, it can be more expensive due to the cost of purchasing sod and requires careful installation to ensure proper root establishment. Additionally, there may be fewer options for sod varieties compared to using seeds.

Plugs

Plugging, on the other hand, entails planting small, individual sections (plugs) of zoysia grass spaced apart in the soil. This method allows for gradual lawn establishment as the plugs spread and fill in over time, making it more cost-effective than sodding for larger areas.

However, plugging requires more labor and time initially, and the lawn may appear patchy until the plugs have fully grown together.

Seeds

Seeding zoysia grass involves sowing seeds directly onto prepared soil, offering a cost-effective option for establishing large areas or customizing lawn characteristics like color and texture.

While seeding provides a wide selection of grass varieties not always available as sod or plugs, it requires more time for the lawn to fully establish compared to sodding.

Managing seed germination, ensuring even coverage, and protecting against erosion and weeds during establishment are crucial considerations with this method.

The best time to plant zoysia grass depends on your location and climate, but generally, late spring to early summer is ideal. This allows the grass to be established before the heat of summer sets in.

Zoysia grass prefers warm temperatures for optimal growth, so planting when the soil temperature reaches around 70°F (21°C) or higher is recommended. Make sure to check local recommendations or consult with a gardening expert for precise timing based on your specific region.

Choosing the right location for planting Zoysia grass is crucial for its successful establishment and long-term health. Here are key factors to consider when selecting a location:

• Zoysia Grass Sunlight: Zoysia grass thrives in full sun but can tolerate some shade, depending on the variety. Choose a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day for optimal growth and density. If planting in a shaded area, select a zoysia variety known for its shade tolerance, such as Zoysia japonica or certain hybrid cultivars.
• Climate and Hardiness Zone: Consider your local climate and the hardiness zone to ensure the zoysia variety you choose is suitable for your region. Zoysia grass is known for its heat tolerance but varies in cold hardiness. Choose a variety that can withstand winter temperatures typical for your area.
• Water Availability: Ensure the planting location has access to water for irrigation, especially during the establishment phase. While zoysia grass is drought-tolerant once established, regular watering is essential for initial root development and establishment.
• Microclimate Factors: Assess microclimate factors such as airflow, proximity to structures or trees that may affect sunlight exposure and air circulation. These factors can influence the micro-environment in which zoysia grass will thrive.

Here’s how to prepare the soil for planting zoysia grass:

• Clearing and Leveling: Begin by clearing the area of any debris, rocks, or existing vegetation. Level the ground as much as possible to ensure an even surface for planting.
• Best Soil for Zoysia: Conduct a soil test to determine its pH level and nutrient content. Zoysia grass typically thrives in slightly acidic to neutral soil (pH 6.0-7.0). Amend the soil as recommended based on the test results to ensure proper nutrient balance and pH.
• Tilling: Use a rototiller or garden fork to till the soil to a depth of about 4-6 inches. This helps loosen compacted soil, improves drainage, and allows roots to penetrate easily.
• Removing Weeds: Remove any existing weeds or grassroots that could compete with zoysia grass for nutrients and space. This can be done manually or with a herbicide, following label instructions carefully if using chemicals.
• Adding Amendments: Incorporate organic matter such as compost or aged manure into the soil. This helps improve soil structure, enhances nutrient retention, and promotes healthy root growth.
• Final Leveling and Compaction: After amending the soil, rake it smooth and level the surface. Lightly compact the soil using a roller or by gently walking over it to ensure good seed-to-soil contact or a firm base for sod or plugs.
• Moistening the Soil: Before planting, lightly moisten the soil to facilitate easier planting and initial root establishment after planting zoysia grass.

Sod

• Preparation: Prepare the soil by tilling it to a depth of about 2-3 inches. Remove any debris, rocks, or weeds.
• Installation: Lay the zoysia sod rolls tightly against each other, staggering the joints like brickwork. Press down firmly to ensure good soil contact.
• Watering: Immediately after installation, water the sod thoroughly to help it establish roots in the soil. Keep the sod consistently moist for the first few weeks until it roots securely.

Plugs

• Preparation: Prepare the soil similarly to sod installation, ensuring it is loose and free of debris.
• Planting: Dig holes for the plugs, spacing them about 6-12 inches apart, depending on the size of the plugs.
• Installation: Place each zoysia grass plug into its hole, firming the soil around it to eliminate air pockets.
• Watering: Water the plugs immediately after planting and keep the soil consistently moist until they establish and start spreading.

Seeds

• Preparation: Prepare a fine seedbed by raking the soil to create a smooth surface. Remove any weeds or debris.
• Sowing: Broadcast the zoysia grass seeds evenly over the prepared area, following the recommended seeding rate on the seed package.
• Covering: Lightly rake or roll the area to ensure good seed-to-soil contact, which is crucial for germination.
• Watering: Water gently immediately after sowing to settle the seeds into the soil. Keep the soil consistently moist until the seeds germinate and establish, which can take several weeks.

Initially, after planting through sod, plugs, or seeds, ensure the soil remains consistently moist to encourage root establishment. Once established, zoysia grass is moderately drought-tolerant but benefits from deep, infrequent watering to promote deep root growth.

Water deeply, allowing moisture to penetrate 4-6 inches into the soil, rather than frequent shallow watering, which can encourage shallow roots and weed growth. Monitor rainfall and adjust watering accordingly, aiming for about 1 inch of water per week during dry periods for optimal growth and resilience.

Maintaining the right mowing height is essential for the health of zoysia grass. It generally thrives when mowed to a height of 1.5 to 2 inches. This height encourages a dense turf that shades out weeds and promotes healthy root development.

Zoysia grass can tolerate lower mowing heights compared to some other grass types, but it's important not to scalp the lawn, as this can stress the grass and make it more susceptible to weeds and diseases.

Regular mowing with sharp blades ensures a clean cut, promoting a lush, manicured appearance while supporting overall turf health.

Apply a balanced fertilizer with a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (N-P-K) ratio appropriate for grass growth, such as 16-4-8, in early spring as the grass begins to green up. Follow-up applications in late spring and mid-summer can further support growth.

Avoid fertilizing in late summer to prevent stimulating late-season growth, which can make the grass more susceptible to winter damage. Water the lawn after fertilizing to ensure nutrients reach the roots effectively.

Regular soil testing helps determine specific nutrient needs, ensuring optimal growth and resilience against stresses like drought and disease.

Zoysia grass weed control involves several strategies to maintain its lush appearance. Regularly mowing at the recommended height helps shade out weeds and promote thick turf growth. Hand-pulling weeds can be effective for isolated or small infestations.

Applying pre-emergent herbicides in early spring before weeds germinate can prevent annual weeds like crabgrass. Post-emergent herbicides target existing weeds and should be applied selectively to avoid harming zoysia grass.

Maintaining proper soil fertility and pH levels through regular fertilization and soil testing also supports zoysia grass's ability to outcompete weeds naturally.

Thatch is a layer of dead grass stems and roots that build up between the soil and living grass. When it becomes too thick, it can hinder water and nutrient uptake.

Regular core aeration, usually performed in early to mid-summer, helps reduce thatch by breaking up compacted soil and encouraging the breakdown of organic material.

It's important to avoid overusing nitrogen fertilizer, as this can contribute to excessive thatch accumulation. If the thatch layer exceeds half an inch, dethatching with a specialized machine or power rake may be necessary.

This process promotes better air, water, and nutrient penetration, fostering healthier growth of zoysia grass.

Controlling pests and diseases in zoysia grass involves several key practices to maintain its health:

Pest Management

• Grubs and Insects: Monitor for signs of insect activity like brown patches or thinning grass. Treat with appropriate insecticides if infestations are significant.
• Moles and Voles: Address these pests promptly as they can damage grass roots and create tunnels. Use traps or deterrents as necessary.
• Ticks and Fleas: Keep lawns well-maintained and consider using targeted treatments in areas prone to these pests.

Zoysia Grass Disease Prevention

• Brown Patch and Dollar Spot: Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization and improve air circulation by regular mowing to prevent these common fungal diseases.
• Rust and Leaf Spot: Ensure proper watering practices and reduce thatch buildup to minimize conditions favorable to these diseases.
• Snow Mold: Prevent by avoiding excessive thatch and keeping debris off the lawn during winter.

Winter care for zoysia grass is crucial to ensure its health during dormancy. As temperatures drop and zoysia turns brown, reduce foot traffic to avoid damaging the dormant grass. It's beneficial to apply a light topdressing of compost in late fall to provide some insulation and nourishment for the roots.

This practice helps protect the grass from extreme cold and promotes healthier regrowth when spring arrives. Additionally, refrain from fertilizing zoysia in late fall or winter, as this can stimulate unnecessary growth that is vulnerable to frost damage.